Dogs, like humans, are prone to a variety of genetic disorders, many of which are specific to certain breeds. These hereditary conditions can significantly impact a dog’s health, lifespan, and quality of life.
Interestingly, genetic disorders tend to affect purebred dogs more frequently than mixed breeds due to a narrower gene pool. In this guide, we’ll explore why this happens and review the most common genetic disorders in dogs, including which breeds are most at risk.
How are Genetic Diseases Inherited in Dogs?
Genetic diseases in dogs can be inherited in either dominant or recessive forms. If a disorder is caused by a dominant gene, it only requires one parent to pass it down for the puppy to inherit it. Conversely, recessive disorders require both parents to carry the gene.
The complexity of these inheritance patterns often makes recessive disorders challenging to detect and prevent. Without genetic testing, even responsible breeders may unintentionally produce puppies susceptible to genetic disorders.
Breeders are increasingly using genetic testing to screen their breeding dogs, which is helping reduce the prevalence of these conditions. For prospective dog owners, especially those considering purebred dogs, discussing genetic testing with breeders is crucial. Read more on canine genetic testing on the American Kennel Club website.
1. Canine Hip Dysplasia
Canine Hip Dysplasia is a common orthopedic condition where the hip joint’s ball and socket don’t align properly. This misalignment leads to painful friction that damages the joint over time. Large breeds like Mastiffs, Great Danes, and Rottweilers are particularly susceptible. Although the condition is primarily genetic, factors such as rapid growth, obesity, and excessive exercise during puppyhood can exacerbate the symptoms.
Dogs diagnosed with hip dysplasia may benefit from a combination of supplements (e.g., glucosamine and chondroitin), weight management, physical therapy, and, in severe cases, surgical intervention such as a total hip replacement.
2. Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL) Rupture
The Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL) in dogs is similar to the ACL in humans. A rupture of this ligament, common in active breeds like Labradors and Newfoundlands, can cause lameness and pain, making it difficult for the dog to bear weight on the injured leg. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and physical activity can all contribute to this condition. Surgical repair is often necessary, although dogs under 30 pounds may sometimes manage without surgery.
3. Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome
Brachycephalic Syndrome affects dogs with short noses, such as Pugs, French Bulldogs, and Boston Terriers. Their unique skull structure can obstruct airflow, making breathing challenging, especially in warm weather. These dogs often exhibit snorting and snoring due to the restricted airways, which can lead to heat stroke, skin infections, and eye problems.
Managing this condition often requires specialized care. Owners must monitor their dogs’ activity levels, avoid excessive heat, and sometimes opt for surgical intervention to widen their airways.
4. Degenerative Myelopathy
Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurological disease that primarily affects the spinal cord. Common in older dogs, especially German Shepherds, Pembroke Welsh Corgis, and Boxers, DM gradually paralyzes the hind legs. Although DM is painless, it can be heartbreaking for pet parents as they watch their dog’s mobility decline. There is no cure, but dogs may benefit from physical therapy and mobility aids, such as dog wheelchairs.
5. Heart Diseases
Heart disease in dogs encompasses various conditions, including Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), which affects Doberman Pinschers and Irish Setters, and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in breeds like Boxers and Bulldogs. Symptoms range from fainting to sudden death, depending on the condition’s severity. DCM weakens the heart muscle, while ARVC causes irregular heartbeats that can be fatal. Early symptoms include coughing, lethargy, and difficulty breathing.
6. Chondrodysplasia
Chondrodysplasia or chondrodystrophy is a skeletal disorder that results in short legs. This condition, often seen in breeds like Basset Hounds and Dachshunds, is linked to a mutation affecting cartilage development. Because it is a recessive gene, carriers may not show any symptoms, making it essential to perform genetic testing before breeding.
7. Urinary Bladder Stones
Urinary bladder stones form when minerals crystallize within the bladder, causing pain and difficulty urinating. Breeds like the Miniature Schnauzer and Dalmatian are particularly predisposed. While diet plays a role, genetic factors are also involved. Treatment options include dietary modifications, medication, or, in severe cases, surgical removal.
8. Inherited Epilepsy
Inherited epilepsy affects several breeds, including Beagles, German Shepherds, and Dachshunds. Dogs with this genetic condition experience seizures with varying frequency and severity. Symptoms may appear from puppyhood or later in life, making early detection difficult. Currently, diagnosing inherited epilepsy involves ruling out other causes of seizures.
9. Allergic Skin Disease
Atopic Dermatitis, or allergic skin disease, is common in breeds like West Highland White Terriers and Dalmatians. Skin Problems may be triggered by environmental factors, food, or even flea bites. Common symptoms include persistent scratching, licking, and secondary infections due to excessive rubbing.
10. Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a degenerative eye disease that eventually leads to blindness. The condition is common in breeds such as Labrador Retrievers and American Eskimo Dogs. PRA causes the retina to deteriorate, leading to poor vision in low light, night blindness, and eventually, complete blindness. Genetic testing is available to identify PRA carriers, making it an essential tool for breeders committed to reducing the prevalence of this disorder.
Additional Common Genetic Disorders
While the above conditions are prevalent, other inherited disorders also affect dogs:
- Myotonia Congenita: Known as “fainting goats syndrome,” this rare disorder causes muscle stiffness. Predisposed breeds include the Jack Russell Terrier.
- Hypothyroidism: Common in breeds like the English Setter, hypothyroidism is a metabolic disorder leading to weight gain, lethargy, and coat changes.
- Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (Bloat): Although not directly inherited, large and deep-chested breeds like Standard Poodles and Bloodhounds are predisposed to bloat, a life-threatening stomach condition.
Should Genetic Disorders Discourage Dog Ownership?
While genetic disorders can be concerning, responsible breeding practices and genetic testing can help reduce their prevalence. Supporting breeders who test their dogs for genetic conditions can make a significant difference. The American Kennel Club recommends that breeders follow ethical practices, including DNA screening.
Ultimately, genetics is just one part of the equation. Proper diet, exercise, and preventive care play a crucial role in your dog’s overall health. With proactive care, many dogs with genetic predispositions live happy, healthy lives.
Do you have a dog affected by a genetic disorder? Share your experiences and advice in the comments to support others facing similar challenges.